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Men in Haitian prisons are consuming fewer than 500 calories a day and are at risk for developing scurvy and beriberi because of nutritional deficiencies, according to a University of Florida s study published in Frontiers in Medicine.

The finding that Haitian prisoners are subsisting on starvation-level diets comes against a backdrop of extreme crisis in the country that is fueled by political instability, gang violence, major food, water and fuel shortages, and a new cholera outbreak. The United Nations reported in October that nearly 5 million Haitians are experiencing acute hunger.

鈥淯nfortunately, millions of Haitians are facing a food shortage,鈥� said Arch Mainous III, Ph.D., a professor of health services research, management and policy in the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions and the study鈥檚 lead author. 鈥淧risoners are a vulnerable population and their well-being, unfortunately, is not prioritized in a time of societal chaos.鈥�

The UF-led study began in 2021 as an intervention to improve nutrition for men incarcerated at the National Penitentiary in Port-au-Prince and a prison in Mirebalais. The researchers, including local partners from Health Through Walls and the Universit茅 d鈥櫭塼at d鈥橦a茂ti, measured calories consumed, body composition and nutrition of more than 1,000 prisoners.

At this baseline assessment, prisoners were consuming an average of 571 calories a day, far below the 2,000-3,000 calories a day recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for adult males. Two-thirds were at risk for developing scurvy because of a vitamin C deficiency and more than 90% were at risk for beriberi, a disease caused by insufficient vitamin B1. Both diseases can be life-threatening.

For the intervention, researchers worked with prison administrators and cooks to gain an understanding of the foods being served and limitations with regard to cost, ingredient availability and lack of freezer storage. The team recommended dietary changes that took these challenges into account while also making substitutions that improved nutrition, such as using brown rice in rice and bean dishes, rather than white rice. The researchers also provided cooks with education on foods that would address the prisoners鈥� calorie and nutritional deficits.

But by the time the study concluded in mid-2022, the situation in Haiti had become even worse. Prison overcrowding颅颅 and gang violence, among other factors, contributed to greater food scarcity. At follow-up assessment, the researchers found prisoners鈥� daily intake dropped to an average of 454 calories a day and a larger proportion were at risk for scurvy and beriberi.

鈥淲e were surprised and extremely disappointed,鈥� said Mainous, also the vice chair for research at the UF College of Medicine鈥檚 department of community health and family medicine. 鈥淲e started with the assumption that by educating the prison cooks and meeting with the director of the prisons this new knowledge would make a positive difference. We did not understand that as the violence and chaos in the society increased, the ability for prison staff to perform functions like selecting food and even having food for the prisoners would be so negatively affected.鈥�

Until the security situation in Haiti is addressed, it is likely that malnutrition among prisoners and the entire Haitian population will remain a serious problem, Mainous said.

鈥淲e learned that it is important to really understand the social context of decision-making and resource allocation in a low-resource setting,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he prison cooks enthusiastically participated in the education, but in times of chaos it was clear that education was only part of the solution to improve nutrition in the prisons.鈥�

Funding for the study was provided by the U.S. Department of State. In addition to Mainous, other investigators included Madsen Beau de Rochars, M.D., M.P.H., a UF PHHP research assistant professor of health services research, management and policy; Jean Bernard, M.D.; Karine Duverger; and John May, M.D., of Health Through Walls; and Stephanie Auguste, M.D., Ph.D.; Jacques R. Louis; and Danove J. Dieufort of Universit茅 d鈥櫭塼at d鈥橦a茂ti.